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Members: Alexis Moore Dakota Decker Presley Bergero Amber Husted Knowledge Chapter 9 Section 1 **-Photosynthesis**-the process of certain prokaryotes use sunlight to make an organic compound from carbon dioxide and water

**-Cellular Respiration**- cells make the carbon in glucose into stable carbon dioxide molecules and produce energy

**-ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)**- an organic molecule that is the main energy source for cell processes

**---ATP—**** 􏰀 ADP+P+energy --equation**

**-ATP synthase**- enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, recycles ADP by bonding a third phosphate group to the molecule.

**-Electron Transport Chain**- a series of molecules in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion




 * Chapter 9 Section 2**

6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

**Photosynthesis:** is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the

bonds of sugar. The process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants only need light, energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the area called **chloroplasts.** which is using **chlorophyll,** which is the green pigment that's involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in the stems. The parts of a leaf include the **upper and lower epidermis,** the **mesophyll,** the **vascular bundle(s)** (veins), and the **stomates.** The upper and lower epidermal cells don't have chloroplasts, even though photosynthesis does not occur there. They sever a lot of primarily as which is known for protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are the holes which happen primarily in the lower epidermis and are for the air exchange. They let in CO2 and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's transportation system, which is moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and that is where the photosynthesis happens.

As you recall the parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner members, intermembrane space, **stroma,** and **thylakoids** which is stacked into the **grana**. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. The chlorophyll looks green because it has absorbs red and blue light, which is then making them colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It's the green light which is **NOT** absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. It's the energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that's thereby able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and cannot be used to do photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction involvled in the photosynthesis is: **6CO2+6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6+6O2.** This is the source of o2 we breathe, and this significant factor in the concerns about the deforestation. The dark reaction takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar. This reaction does not directly need light in order to occur, but it does need the products of the light reaction, which is ATP. The dark reaction involves a cycle called the **Calvin Cycle** in which CO2 and energy from the ATP are used to form sugar

Evaluation- Forests help reduce global warming by absorbing an important greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, through photosynthesis and by cooling the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. However, some forests, such as boreal forests in the northern latitudes, can be darker than their surrounding terrain and absorb the Sun's energy more readily, which can lead to increasing warming. file:///Users/PreBergeron13/Desktop/forest_climate_impact-med.jpg//

// **__ Section 2 __** // // -Within the stroma is a membrane called the thylakoid membrane. // // ** -Thylakoid: ** a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis // // ** -Pigment ** : a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color // // ** -Chlorophyll: ** a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteris- tic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis // // ** -In plants, light energy is harvested by pigments that are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. ** // // -Plants also have pigments called carotenoids. Carotenoids absorb blue and green light, and they reflect yellow, orange, and red light. // // ** -reaction center: ** where the energy causes the electrons to become “excited” and to move to a higher energy level // // ** -During photosynthesis, one electron transport chain provides energy to make ATP, while the other provides energy to make NADPH. ** // // ** -In the final stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are used to produce energy-storing sugar molecules from the carbon in carbon dioxide ** // // ** -Calvin cycle ** : a biochemical pathway of photo- synthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH // // -use of carbon dioxide to make organic compounds is called **carbon dioxide fixation, or carbon fixation.** // // -The reactions that fix carbon dioxide are light- independent reactions, sometimes called **dark reactions.** // // ** -Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature are three environmental factors that affect photosynthesis. ** // // -**__6C0__** **__ 2 __****__ +6H __****__ 2 __****__ O+LIGHT __**** >>>__C__ ****__ 6 __****__ H __****__ 12 __****__ 0 __****__ 6 __****__ +6O __****__ 2 __** // // REACTANTS PRODUCTS //

//**Chapter 9 section 3**// // **Glycolysis** // // - enzymes break down one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules //

// the breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP molecules. //

// **anaerobic**, so it takes place without oxygen. Other organisms use oxygen to release even more energy from a glucose molecule. //

// Metabolic processes that require oxygen are **aerobic**. //

// Pyruvate is broken down in the Krebs cycle //

// The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. Electron carriers transfer energy through the electron transport chain, which ultimately powers ATP synthase. //

// electrons pass through a series of molecules called an electron transport chain //

// **fermentation**- process in which carbohydrates are broken down in the absence of oxygen //

// Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in anaerobic conditions //

// Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in a process called lactic acid fermentation //

// **SYNTHESIS** // // second enzyme adds electrons and hydrogen from NADH to the molecule to form ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in a process called alcoholic fermentation // //** Calvin and his team mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during [|photosynthesis], starting from its absorption as atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. **// //**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Calvin**// //**Calvin unraveled most of the mystery surrounding photosynthesis, the process in which plants convert sunlight into food. http://www.bookrags.com/biography/melvin-calvin-wsd/ **// //** Calvin utilized carbon-14 isotopes as radioactive tracers to reveal the chemical processes of photosynthesis. **// //** http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/calvin.html **//







**__ *Application __** The food that we eat is either autotrophs or organisms that consume autotrophs. In order for autotrophs to survive they need to go through the process of photosynthesis. Sun energy is a major element needed in the beginning process of photosynthesis. The reactants need sunlight in order to be excited enough to make ATP and NADPH. ATP and NADPH are needed to make the sugar glucose. So autotrophs feed themselves, animals feed on the autotrophs, and we eat the animals. So the things that we eat trace back to sunlight. refer to the photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration photo at the top.....


 * Desert Plants || Rainforest Plants ||
 * || Grow In Hot Weather, Soak Up And Save Water Stored inside them. || Rainforest plants live in a warm humid environment that allows an enormous variation rare in more temperate climates ||



http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm [] http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/plants.html