Group+5

Members: Scott Schalow, Jesse Judge, Clara Weiland, Morgan Chapin

1. Photosynthesis: the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.

2. cellular respiration: the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates

3. ATP adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups

4. ATP synthase: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

5. electron transportchain a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane

4. thylakoid (THIE luh KOYD) a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis

5. pigment a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color

6. chlorophyll (KLAWR uh FIL) a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteris- tic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis

7. Calvin cycle a biochemical pathway of photo- synthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH

8. glycolysis: anerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP

9. anaerobic (AN uhr OH bik) describes a process that does not require oxygen

10. aerobic (er OH bik) requires oxygen describes a process that

11.Krebs Cycle: a series of biochemical reactions that convert into carbon dioxide and water

12. fermentation the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

Photosythesis equation: 6 (Co)2+(H)2(O)+light=>(C)6 (H)12 (O)6+ 6(0)2

Key Events V Metabolism involves either using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, an organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle.

V In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes.

V In plants, light energy is harvested by pigments that are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

V During photosynthesis, one electron transport chain provides energy to make ATP, while the other provides energy to make NADPH.

V In the final stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are used to produce energy-storing sugar molecules from the carbon in carbon dioxide.

V Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature are three environmental factors that affect photosynthesis.

V Thus, the breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP molecules

SECTION 3

V Single-celled prokaryotes and later, eukaryotes, evolved and flourished in Precambrian time. The evolution of multicellular organ- isms set the stage for the evolution of modern organisms. The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allowed organisms to become larger and live on land.

V During the Paleozoic Era, marine invertebrates diversified, and marine vertebrates evolved. The first land plants evolved. Some arthropods, and then some vertebrates, left the oceans to colonize land.

V Reptiles, dinosaurs, and birds were the dominant animals during the Mesozoic Era, and mammalian animals dominated the Cenozoic Era.

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 --> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ~38 ATP



kreb's Cycle



Sythesis

Melvin Calvin was an American who traced chemical CO2 during photosynthesis in 1948. Calvin also discovered the “Calvin Cycle” in the late 1950’s. He is the first person to disclose the very fundamental life process of the nature and his discovery of carbon dioxide assimilation in plants has a great significance to the research on the origin of life.

Calvin won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for chemistry. (Born in 1911)


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Application

Almost everything you eat can be traced back through food chains to the sun. A food chain consists of a series of organisms in which the first organism is eaten by a second and the second is eaten by a third. During this process, nutrients and energy in the eaten organism are transferred to the organism that eats it.

For example, the beef we eat comes from a cow that ate corn. The corn received its energy from the sun.



 ** The energy flow through living organisms starts with sunlight and photosynthesis, than travels through the food chain in bite sized chunks. **  Because the sun provides nutrients to the plant because they have to preform photosynthsis which lets out some nutrients (sugar) to the plant and that makes the plants grow.

Links:

http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/wcee/keep/Mod1/Flow/foodchains.htm

http://www.ftexploring.com/me/me2.html

http://www.isfaq.com/science/38251.html

Analysis Gobi desert plants adapt by storing water in their roots, steams, leaves or fruits. Others spread their roots far out so they can collect as much water as they can. They also save water by the texture size, of there leaves. Some leaves are glossy and reflect the sunlight. Waxy leaves prevent water from escaping.

[] [] In the Rain forest there trees grow tall in order to collect sunlight Waxy surfaces allows the planet to be less absorbant some plants grow on other plants in order to reach the sunlight http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/adapt.html http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/amazon.ht