Group+7

Members:Alisha Reager,Terran Ellsworth, Tyler Dingman, Mike Garnett. __**Knowledge**__ Section 1. 6 CO2 + H2O + LIGHT > C6H12O + 6 O2

__**Bio. Vocab.**__

**__Photosynthesis__**: the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

__**Cellular respiration:**__ the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates

__**ATP**__: adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups

__**ATP synthase**__: an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

__**Electron transport chain**__: a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane

__**Thylakoid (THIE luh KOYD)**__: a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis

**__Pigmen__**: a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color

__**Chlorophyll (KLAWR uh FIL)**__: a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteris- tic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis

__**Calvin cycle**__: a biochemical pathway of photo- synthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH

**__Glycolysis (glie KAHL i sis__**): breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP

**__Anaerobic (AN uhr OH bik):__** describes a process that does not require oxygen

=**__Application__** = Heterotrophs get the energy from autotrophs by eating them. The energy that they get is the energy that the autotrophs made by using the sun.

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=** __Analysis__ ** =
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==== A surprising diversity of plants inhabit the arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the world, displaying adaptations to prolonged drought conditions and extremes of temperature. Among the most charismatic of these plants, the succulents, we find some extraordinary cases of convergent adaptation. ==== = A classic example is the convergence between so-called 'stem succulent' cacti in the Americas and cactus-like Euphorbia species in Africa and South Asia. In addition to the well-known cacti and euphorbs, a few members of the milkweed family Asclepiadaceae, namely Hoodia and Stapelia, have evolved remarkably cactus-like stem succulent features as an adaptation to life in an arid environment. And the tropical rainforest is the richest source of plant life on earth. There are so many different kinds of plants there, scientists don’t even know them all yet. It is a perfect place for growing plants. The average temperature is 70 to 90 degrees and there is plenty of water. = = = sources <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 14pt; padding-right: 10px;"> [] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[]

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #801ee6; font-size: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">__Synthesis__ = Born on April 8th, 1911, Melvin Calvin was a scientist that would become one of the most influential in the area of Photosynthesis, because of his discoveries relating to carbon in Photosynthesis. Calvin started his education at the Michigan College of Mining and Technology where he worked for his bachelor's degree in science, and then he transferred to earn his Ph.D in Chemistry at the University of Minnesota. After these great accomplishments, Calvin began his work that would lead to his Photosynthesis discoveries at the Berkley Radiation Lab where he was the director. What he found out about carbons was he discovered carbon tracers with in turn revealed the process of Photosynthesis that we know today. The Calvin Cycle is named after Melvin Calvin, which makes sense because this process is how plants turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar. Sources:
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=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**__Evaluation__** = Deforestation can lead to gloal warming because if all of the trees are cut down, then we wouldn't have carbon dioxide turning into oxygen. This would be problematic because then there would be an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere wjich would cause a greenhouse effect, in turn potentially causing global warming. __Sources:__
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A food chain consists of a series of organisms in which the first organism is eaten by a second and the second is eaten by a third. During this process, nutrients and energy in the eaten organism are transferred to the organism that eats it.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;">C ** 6 ** ** H ** ** 12 ** ** O ** ** 6 ** ** + 6 O ** ** 2 ** ** // → // ** ** 6 CO ** ** 2 ** ** + 6 H ** ** 2 ** ** O + Energy (34-36 ATP + heat) **
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;">cellular respiration formula

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> Read more: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003399; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">[]

<span style="color: #1a1a18; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 11px; height: 600px; line-height: normal; min-height: 600px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: 1158px;"> Organisms such as humans can use oxygen to produce ATP effi- ciently through aerobic respiration. Pyruvate is broken down in the Krebs cycle, a series of reactions that produce electron carriers. The electron carriers enter an electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthase. Up to 34 ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration. <span style="color: #1a1a18; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: 11px; height: 600px; line-height: normal; min-height: 600px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: 1158px;"> The Krebs cycle begins with pyruvate, which is produced during glycolysis. Pyruvate releases a carbon dioxide molecule to form a two-carbon compound. An enzyme attaches this two-carbon compound to a four- carbon compound and forms a six-carbon compound. <span style="color: #1a1a18; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Times; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> The six-carbon compound releases one carbon dioxide molecule and then another. Energy is released each time, which forms an electron carrier, NADH. The remaining four-carbon compound is converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle. This conversion takes place in a series of steps that produce ATP, then FADH<span style="font: normal normal normal 7.6px/normal Times;">2, and another NADH. The four-carbon compound combines with a new two-carbon unit from pyruvate to continue the cycle.

<span style="color: #1a1a18; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Times; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> Many prokaryotes live entirely on the energy released in glycolysis. Recall that glycolysis produces two ATP molecules and one molecule of the electron carrier NADH. The NADH must be able to transfer its electrons to an acceptor so that NAD<span style="font: normal normal normal 6.4px/normal Times;">+ is continuously available. Under anaerobic conditions, the electron transport chain, if present, does not work. Organisms must have another way to recycle NAD<span style="font: normal normal normal 6.4px/normal Times;">+. So, electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate, which is produced during glycolysis. This process in which carbohydrates are broken down in the absence of oxygen is called fermentation

<span style="display: block; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.95em; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> That nudge eventually led Calvin to uncover the secrets of how plants capture energy from the sun. The research earned Calvin the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003366; padding-right: 10px;">[|1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry] '<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003366; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; padding-right: 10px;">[|1] "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants". <span style="display: block; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.95em; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> 'By the 1930s, scientists were aware that plants took in carbon dioxide and water and released oxygen. That decade, radioactive isotopes were first used as "tags" to trace organic molecules through chemical processes. However, the first radioisotope tracers decayed too quickly to make it through the full photosynthesis reaction. Using the newly-discovered Carbon 14 as a tracer though, Calvin and his colleagues followed the entire path of carbon through photosynthesis. From the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide to its sunlight-fueled conversion via chlorophyll into carbohydrates and other compounds, the researchers shed light on the whole photosynthesis question. <span style="display: block; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.95em; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; position: relative; width: 1158px;"> That work eventually sparked the US Department of Energy's research into solar energy as a renewable power source.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.95em; height: 600px; line-height: 1.5; min-height: 600px; padding-bottom: 2em; width: 1158px;"> "If you know how to make chemical or electrical energy out of solar energy the way plants do it – without going through a heat engine – that is certainly a trick," Calvin once said. "And I'm sure we can do it. It's just a question of how long it will take to solve the technical question." '<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003366; font-family: Universe,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; padding-right: 10px;">[|1]  || <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: block; font-size: 1px; height: 10px; width: 1001px;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; display: block; font-size: 1px; height: 10px; width: 1001px;">