Group+3

Members:
 * 1) Becca Clery
 * 2) Zach Ridenour
 * 3) Shelby McIntyre
 * 4) Kasey Sinclair
 * 5) Paige Switzer

 Knowledge:
=**Chapter 9:**=

__Section 1__
**-Photosynthesis**-the process of certain prokaryotes use sunlight to make an organic compound from carbon dioxide and water

**-Cellular Respiration**- cells make the carbon in glucose into stable carbon dioxide molecules and produce energy

**-ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)**- an organic molecule that is the main energy source for cell processes

**---ATP—**** 􏰀 ADP+P+energy --equation**

**-ATP synthase**- enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, recycles ADP by bonding a third phosphate group to the molecule.

**-Electron Transport Chain**- a series of molecules in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

-Within the stroma is a membrane called the thylakoid membrane. -Plants also have pigments called carotenoids. Carotenoids absorb blue and green light, and they reflect yellow, orange, and red light. -use of carbon dioxide to make organic compounds is called **carbon dioxide fixation, or carbon fixation.** -The reactions that fix carbon dioxide are light- independent reactions, sometimes called **dark reactions.** -**__6C0__** **__ 2 __****__ +6H __****__ 2 __****__ O+LIGHT __**** >>>__C__ ****__ 6 __****__ H __****__ 12 __****__ 0 __****__ 6 __****__ +6O __****__ 2 __** REACTANTS PRODUCTS ** Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy. This figure shows key molecules involved in the capture of light, electron transport, and synthesis of ATP and NADPH. **
 * __ Section 2 __**
 * -Thylakoid: ** a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
 * -Pigment ** : a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color
 * -Chlorophyll: ** a green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria, that gives plants their characteris- tic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis
 * -In plants, light energy is harvested by pigments that are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. **
 * -reaction center: ** where the energy causes the electrons to become “excited” and to move to a higher energy level
 * -During photosynthesis, one electron transport chain provides energy to make ATP, while the other provides energy to make NADPH. **
 * -In the final stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are used to produce energy-storing sugar molecules from the carbon in carbon dioxide **
 * -Calvin cycle ** : a biochemical pathway of photo- synthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH
 * -Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature are three environmental factors that affect photosynthesis. **


 * The Calvin cycle is the most common method of carbon dioxide fixation. **


 * SECTION 3 **

**Glycolysis** - enzymes break down one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules

the breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP molecules.

**anaerobic**, so it takes place without oxygen. Other organisms use oxygen to release even more energy from a glucose molecule.

Metabolic processes that require oxygen are **aerobic**.

Pyruvate is broken down in the Krebs cycle

The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. Electron carriers transfer energy through the electron transport chain, which ultimately powers ATP synthase.

electrons pass through a series of molecules called an electron transport chain

**fermentation**- process in which carbohydrates are broken down in the absence of oxygen

Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in anaerobic conditions

Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in a process called lactic acid fermentation

second enzyme adds electrons and hydrogen from NADH to the molecule to form ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in a process called alcoholic fermentation

**Photosynthesis**- the process of certain prokaryotes use sunlight to make an organic compound from carbon dioxide and water


 * Cellular Respiration**- cells make the carbon in glucose into stable carbon dioxide molecules and produce energy


 * ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)**- an organic molecule that is the main energy source for cell processes


 * ATP—**** 􏰀 ADP+P+energy --equation**


 * ATP synthase**- enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, recycles ADP by bonding a third phosphate group to the molecule.

Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water.
 * Electron Transport Chain**- a series of molecules in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion  **Cellular Respiration**

**C** **6** **H** **12** **O** **6** **+ 6O** **2** **+ 6H** **2** **O** → **12H** **2** **O + 6 CO** **2** The energy released is trapped in the form of [|**ATP**] for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell.  Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved.









http://sciencematters.berkeley.edu/archives/volume2/issue11/legacy.php []  []    Application [] [|High School Food Chains & Food Webs Homework Help, Biome Homework Help]  [|Energy Pyramid]

 [[image:Screen_shot_2011-05-05_at_8.02.13_PM.png width="546" height="409"]]
Analysis



Synthesis
 **__ Melvin Calvin and Photosynthesis __**

After WW II ended on September 2, 1945, Ernest Lawrence suggested to Melvin Calvin that it was time to do something useful with radioactive carbon. Calvin uncovered the secrets of how plants captured the sun’s light in the form of energy. The research earned him the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. By the 1930’s, scientists were already aware that plants took in carbon and water and gave off oxygen. During that decade, radioactive isotopes were used as “tags” at first, the trace organic molecules through the chemical process. The first radioisotope tracers decayed too fast to make it through the full photosynthesis reaction. Calvin and his partners followed the entire process of photosynthesis using the Carbon 14. From the taking in of carbon dioxide to its sunlight-fueled conversion through chlorophyll into carbohydrates and other compounds, the researchers found answers on the whole photosynthesis question. The work he pulled off eventually flickered the US Department of Energy's research into solar energy as a renewable power source.

"If you know how to make chemical or electrical energy out of solar energy the way plants do it – without going through a heat engine – that is certainly a trick," Calvin had said. "And I'm sure we can do it. It's just a question of how long it will take to solve the technical question." Early in the 1960’s, Calvin set Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Chemical Biodynamic division and controlled it for twenty years. Also, Calvin served on the President's Science Advisory Committee under both Presidents Kennedy and Johnson and was chairman of the Committee on Science and Public Policy at the National Academy of Sciences. In 1989, he received the National Medal of Science from President George Bush. Melvin Calvin died in 1997, but the breakthroughs of “Mr. Photosynthesis,” which he was nicknamed, continue to lighten biology's chemical support.

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 * Deforestation can lead to gloal warming because if all of the trees were chopped down, then the people on earth wouldn't have carbon dioxide to breathe out for the plants to use to make oxygen. This would cause problems because then there would be an uprise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which would cause a greenhouse effect, in addition causing global warming. The greenhouse effect is t<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 15px;">he trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.