Group+6

Members: Tyler Barnes Joe Velchansky Sawyer Bowers La-Shae Wright

Flash Cards
http://www.brainflips.com/study-flashcards/6718/CH-9-Bio-Vocaubulary.html

Section 1

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-photosynthesis the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohy- drates and oxygen

- cellular respiration the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates

- ATP adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups

- ATP synthase an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP

- electrontransportchain aseriesof molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane

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6 CO2 + H2O + LIGHT- C6/H12/06+ 6 O2 reactants products

Plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes capture about 1% of the energy in the sunlight that reaches Earth and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis.

The space inside the inner membrane is the stroma. Within the stroma is a membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This membrane is folded in a way that produces flat, disc-like sacs called thylakoids. pigment is a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths (colors) of light and commonly reflects all of the others. Chlorophyll is a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy to start photosynthesis. pump. Excited electrons transfer some of their energy to pump H + ions into the thylakoid. This process creates a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Step 3 ATP Synthase The energy from the diffusion of H + ions through the carrier protein is used to make ATP. These carrier proteins are unusual because they function both as an ion channel and as the enzyme ATP synthase. As hydrogen ions pass through the channel portion of the protein, ATP synthase catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP. The result of the reaction is ATP, which is used to power the final stage of photo- synthesis. Producing NADPH While one electron transport chain provides energy used to make ATP, a second electron transport chain receives excited electrons from a chlorophyll molecule and uses them to make NADPH. The second electron transport chain is to the right of the second cluster of pigment molecules in Figure 7. Step 4 Reenergizing In this second chain, light excites elec- trons in the chlorophyll molecule. The excited electrons are passed on to the second chain. They are replaced by the de-energized electrons from the first transport chain. Step 5 Making NADPH Excited electrons combine with H + ions and an electron acceptor called NADP + to form NADPH. NADPH is an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to store energy in organic molecules. Both NADPH and the ATP made during the first stage of photosy

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 * The space inside the inner membrane is the stroma. Within the stroma is a membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This membrane is folded in a way that produces flat, disc-like sacs called thylakoids. These sacs, which contain molecules that absorb light energy for photosynthesis, are arranged in stacks. The first stage of photosynthesis begins when light waves hit these stacks.**
 * A pigment is a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths (colors) of light and commonly reflects all of the others. V In plants, light energy is harvested by pigments that are located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is** **a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy to start photosynthesis. It absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light, which makes plants appear green. Plants have two types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Plants also have pigments called carotenoids. Carotenoids absorb blue and green light, and they reflect yellow, orange, and red light.**





media type="youtube" key="2e7h8r_Da0M" width="425" height="350" - This membrane is folded in a way that produces flat, disc-like sacs called thylakoids -A pigment is a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths (colors) of light and commonly reflects all of the others. - Chlorophyll is a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy to start photosynthesis. -The most common method of carbon dioxide fixa- tion is the Calvin cycle, which is described

=**__Section 3__**= - In glycolysis, enzymes break down one six-carbon molecule of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules -This process is anaerobic, so it takes place without oxygen. Other organisms use oxygen to release even more energy from a glucose molecule. -Metabolic processes that require oxygen are aerobic. In aerobic respiration, the pyruvate product of glycolysis undergoes another series of reactions to produce more ATP molecules. -pyruvate is broken down in the Krebs cycle, a series of reactions that produce electron carriers. The electron carriers enter an electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthase. - This process in which carbohydrates are broken down in the absence of oxygen, called fermentation, recycles the NAD + that is needed to continue making ATP through glycolysis.

- Thus, the breaking of a sugar molecule by glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP molecules. -The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs cycle is one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH 2. Electron carriers transfer energy through the electron transport chain, which ultimately powers ATP synthase. - Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue supplying a cell with ATP in anaerobic conditions -

Glycolysis step 1- breaking down glucose step 2-NADPH production step 3- Pyruvate Production

http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/wcee/keep/Mod1/Flow/foodchains.htm













- http://www.buzzle.com/articles/gobi-desert-plants.html -The text book - http://amazonrainforestplants.com/
 * **Gobi desert** ||  **Amazon Rainforest** ||
 * plants do adapt || plants do adapt ||
 * same || same ||
 * roots change || roots change ||
 * Different || Different ||
 * preserve water || Bark ||
 * tap roots (30 meters deep) || Climbing woody vines ||
 * shallow roots || Drip tips ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">store water in there fruits || <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Buttresses ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">some plants adapt their leaves they become needle shape || <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">plants that live on the surface to take the sunlight in ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">less surface on the needles to reduce the evaporation rate || <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Bromeliads ( hold water) ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">waxy resin || <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">plants have bad smell ( sweat or foul- smelling nectar) ||
 * <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">they minimizing there water intake || <span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">plants that form a pitcher ( to attract insects) ||



Calvin realized that it was made up of a bunch of carbon compounds. It began with a thesis on the electron affinity of halogens, it was done under the direction of George A. Glocker at the university of Manchester. At that time his inter est was in coordination catalysis, particularly metallopophyrins. The biology book. www.Wikipedia.com http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/calvin.html

media type="youtube" key="3EtlCJyRQXA" width="425" height="350" Chemical equaction - carbon10 hydrogen 12 oxygen6 + 6 oxygen2 --> 6 carbon dixide 2+ 6 water+ energy(atp)

Deforestation can lead to gloal warming because if all of the trees were chopped down, then the people on earth wouldn't have carbon dioxide to breathe out for the plants to use to make oxygen. This would cause problems because then there would be an uprise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which would cause a greenhouse effect, in addition causing global warming. The greenhouse effect is t<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 15px;">he trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.